Runtime Characterizations In most cases, we care only about asymptotic behavior, i.e. what happens for very large N. Intuitive Simplification Consider only the worst case. Restrict Attention to One Operation. 找得好并且巧的话可很快看出，退而求其次的话可以考虑画图分析 Eliminate low order terms. Eliminate multiplicative constants. Big-Theta Notation $\Theta(f(n))$ The only difference is that we use the Θ symbol anywhere we would have said “order of growth”.

1 2 3 # Initialize Otter import otter grader = otter.Notebook("lab01.ipynb") Lab 01 Welcome to the first lab of Data 100! This lab is meant to help you familiarize yourself with JupyterHub, review Python and numpy, and introduce you to matplotlib, a Python visualization library. Part 1: Jupyter Tips Viewing Documentation To output the documentation for a function, use the help function. 1 2 # help(print) ?print You can also use Jupyter to view function documentation inside your notebook.

two common errors chance error: randomness can vary bias error: systematic error in one direction bias common non-random samples convenience samples: samples that are easy to obtain but may not be representative of the population quota samples: samples that are drawn from a limited number of individuals or groups random samples random can produce biases but we can estimate the bias and chance error properties of random samples: 明确概率 no need to be same chance 😋 scheme of random sampling: “Random sample with replacement” 是统计学中的一个术语，指的是在进行抽样时，每次抽取的样本在放回原总体之后，再进行下一次抽取。这意味着同一个个体或元素有可能被多次抽取。